肝门胆管癌的术前减黄问题

临床上习惯将恶性肿瘤直接侵及或压迫肝外胆道致胆汁排出受阻而引起的黄疸称为恶性梗阻性黄疸,根据阻塞部位一般可分为高位胆道梗阻和低位胆道梗阻.高位胆道梗阻多指高位胆管癌,即肝门胆管癌,部分胆囊癌向肝管方向浸润发展,也可致胆道梗阻;后者系壶腹周围恶性肿瘤所致的梗阻,通常包括胰头癌、胆总管下端癌及壶腹癌等.低位胆道肿瘤的经典手术方式为胰十二指肠切除术,外科处理原则相对比较统一,而肝门胆管癌因其解剖部位特殊、切除范围不同、机体受累状态和相应的术前准备不同,以及术者技术经验等差异,在临床实际处理上存在着颇多问题和争议.本文结合国内外文献和我们的临床经验,拟就肝门胆管癌的术前相关准备尤其减黄问题作一讨论.     

S100P immunostaining identifies a subset of peripheral‐type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas with morphological and molecular features similar to those of perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas

Tsai J‐H, Huang W‐C, Kuo K‐T, Yuan R‐H, Chen Y‐L & Jeng Y‐M
(2012) Histopathology
S100P immunostaining identifies a subset of peripheral‐type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas with morphological and molecular features similar to those of perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas Aims: S100P is a calcium‐binding protein that is frequently expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathological significance of the expression of S100P in peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Methods and results: Immunohistochemical staining was used to investigate S100P expression in 112 cases of peripheral ICC. The results were compared with those for perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Patients with S100P‐positive peripheral ICC were more likely to have elevated serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19‐9 than those with S100P‐negative peripheral ICCs. All cases of peripheral ICC associated with intrahepatic lithiasis and all cases with intraductal/periductal growth patterns were positive for S100P. S100P‐positive peripheral ICCs were highly associated with ‘bile duct’ morphology rather than cholangiolar differentiation. Nearly all cases of perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were positive for S100P. Similarly to perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, S100P‐positive peripheral ICCs showed more frequent expression of CEA and MUC2, and were more likely to be N‐cadherin‐negative, than S100P‐negative cases. Notably, K‐RAS mutations were only detected in S100P‐positive peripheral ICCs, with a frequency similar to that in perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Patients with S100P‐positive peripheral ICC were more likely to have poor prognoses than those with S100P‐negative tumours. Conclusions: S100P immunostaining identifies a subset of peripheral ICC that probably originates from larger bile ducts. This subset of peripheral ICCs shares common morphological and molecular features with perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas.     

完全腹腔镜下Roux—en—Y胆管空肠吻合术在胆系疾病中的应用

目的报道完全腹腔镜下Roux—en—Y吻合术的手术方法,探讨腹腔镜下Roux—en—Y吻合术在胆系疾病手术中的应用价值。方法对103例患者行完全腹腔镜下胆肠Roux—en—Y吻合术,其中多次手术取石后,胆总管结石再发合并胆管狭窄28例,医源性胆道损伤3例,胆总管囊肿24例,肝门部胆管癌36例,胰头癌及壶腹癌12例。所有手术均采用5个Trocar进行操作。首先在腹腔镜下处理胆道病变,即切开胆总管、取净结石;修整并切开损伤胆总管;切除扩张的胆总管;切除肿瘤部位胆管或者纵行切开恶性黄疸患者胆总管引流等;同时为胆肠吻合前做好肝管断端的准备。然后更换腹腔镜位置,于镜下切断空肠及其系膜,行空肠间侧侧吻合。将腹腔镜位置复位,镜下将Roux—en—Y胆支空肠襻牵拉至肝门处行胆肠侧侧或者端侧吻合。最后留置腹腔引流管。结果全组病例均成功完成手术,残余胆（肝）管直径0．4～3．2锄,平均0．9Gin。术后胆汁漏3例,经腹腔引流1周～1个月治愈。2例胆道损伤伴阻塞性黄疸患者,术后均出现应激性溃疡及腹腔内出血,1例腹腔内出血经再次腹腔镜手术止血治愈,另1例经腹腔引流、抑酸及止血药物治疗2d后治愈。95例患者获随访,随访率92．2％（95／103）,随访时间4～93个月,平均48-3个月。胰头、壶腹癌及上段胆管癌患者,随访期间14个月内因转移及消耗死亡,均无手术并发症发生;3例胆总管结石患者分别于术后2、3、5年发生反流性胆管炎,来院经抗炎对症治疗后痊愈出院;其余患者随访期间均无胆道、胆肠吻合口狭窄等并发症发生。结论完全腹腔镜下胆肠Roux—en—Y吻合术是胆道疾病需行胆肠吻合手术治疗的最佳、首选术式,但术者需具有丰富的腹腔镜手术经验。     

肝内胆管癌超声造影的增强特点

目的 探讨肝内胆管癌（ICC）超声造影的增强特点。 方法 13例ICC患者共13个病灶接受了超声造影检查（CEUS）。CEUS采用造影剂Sono Vue和低机械指数成像技术对比脉冲序列（CPS）。 结果 动脉期13个（100％）病灶呈不均匀增强。9个（69．2％）病灶为低增强，其中7个在周边见高回声的不规则环状增强。另外4个（30．8％）在动脉期显示为高（n=1）或等增强（n=3）。门静脉期全部病灶呈不均匀低增强，其中6个（46．2％）病灶低增强范围有所扩大。至延迟期全部病灶呈均匀低增强。 结论 ICC在CEUS各时相的增强模式具有特征性，对ICC的定性诊断可提供帮助。     

Clinical Significance of Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Interleukin-6 in Patients with Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

ABSTRACT

Purpose/Aim: Although several prognostic factors for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHC) have been reported, preoperative prognostic factors have yet to be established. We investigated the serum concentration of angiogenic, inflammatory, and nutritional parameters. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients with EHC were enrolled before starting treatment. Preoperative prognostic factors were identified using multivariate analyses. Results: The serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) levels were significantly higher in the patients with EHC (436.0 ± 43.2 ng/ml) than in the healthy volunteers (228.6 ± 22.0 ng/ml) (p <.001). In addition, the serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the patients (18.0 ± 5.6 pg/ml) than in the healthy volunteers (5.7 ± 0.8 pg/ml) (p <.05). The serum IL-6 and sICAM-1 showed a strong correlation (r = 0.559) in the patients with EHC (p <.01). The serum IL-6 (area under the curve = 0.764, p =.030, cut-off level = 11.6) and sICAM-1 (area under the curve = 0.818, p =.007, cutoff level = 322.6) were revealed to be useful as prognostic factors by the receiver operating characteristic curves. The high IL-6 group and the high sICAM-1 group showed poorer DSS than those of the respective low groups. In the multivariate analysis, IL-6 (hazard ratio: 1.050, 95% confidence interval: 1.002–1.100, p =.043) and sICAM-1 (hazard ratio: 1.009, 95% confidence interval: 1.002–1.015, p =.009) were independent prognostic factors for DSS. Conclusions: IL-6 and sICAM-1 were independent preoperative prognostic factors in EHC patients, causing continuous inflammation and malnutrition in collaboration with other pro-angiogenic factors.     

保留下腔静脉的离体低温右肝扩大切除治疗不可切除IV型肝门部胆管癌

目的:探讨保留下腔静脉的离体低温肝切除治疗不可切除Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌的效果.方法:回顾性分析2例Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌患者临床资料,其中1例行保留下腔静脉的原位低温灌注扩大右肝切除术,另1例采用保留下腔静脉的全离体扩大右肝切除治疗.结果:原位低温灌注扩大右肝切除术历时14h,术中输血3 000 mL,然而,患者术后第1天死于多器官功能衰竭.全离体扩大右肝切除术历时15h,术中输血2 000 mL,热缺血时间20 min,冷缺血时间195 min,术后30d出院,无肝衰和其他重大并发症发生,随访11个月,患者仍然存活且无血管、胆管并发症及肿瘤复发和转移.结论:在有复杂肝切除经验和活体肝移植经验的前体下,保留下腔静脉的离体低温肝切除是安全的,且可能是治疗精选的不可切除Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌的有效选择.